1. Effect on neutrophils

Endotoxin can increase the number of neutrophils in human blood. After the injection of endotoxin into the animal bodies, including the human body, neutrophils can increase. This is because endotoxin can promote the expression of integrin, resulting in the increase of neutrophil adhesion, adhesion to vascular endothelium, and migration to the inflammatory site. Then, the endotoxin-induced neutrophil release factor can promote the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow into the blood, The CD14 receptor on the cell surface was increased. The latter is the main receptor of LPS and can activate neutrophils, leading to a series of enzymatic cascade reactions, synthesis, and secretion of a large number of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as enzyme substances, such as human leucocyte elastase (HLE). HLE is a serine protease of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which acts on receptors on the surface of immune cells and can promote their degradation. For example, mCD14 can be split into multiple fragments, and CD2, CD4, and CD8 receptors on lymphocytes can also be split; HLE can also reduce CD16, CD43, and TNF with a relative molecular weight of 75000 on PMN- α The expression of receptors on the membrane can weaken the immune response of the body; Give play to its detoxification effect and immune regulation effect on the body, that is, play the role of "double-edged sword", and bring beneficial and adverse effects on the host.

After stimulation of neutrophils by endotoxin, it can promote the expression of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and other cationic polypeptides, so as to significantly enhance their activity and play an anti-microbial effect. The combined action of multiple factors is conducive to the host immune system to recognize microorganisms, carry out phagocytosis and consumption, and eliminate pathogens such as microorganisms.

Endotoxin stimulates neutrophils, which can cause changes in cell morphology. It is generally believed that this is the result of the participation of integrin, that is, through the role of integrin, the cytoskeletal protein in the cell is bound to induce morphological changes. With the change in neutrophil function, such as the sudden increase of the respiratory chain, a large number of free radicals can be produced, which has an impact on the body.

2. Effect on platelets

Thrombocytopenia can occur in animals after sufficient endotoxin injection, but there is generally no similar phenomenon in humans. This may be because there are differences in the affinity between the receptors on animal platelets and the corresponding receptors on human platelets and endotoxin, as well as in the type and number of receptor expression, and thus there are different effects. Thrombocytopenia after injection of a large amount of endotoxin may be caused by excessive consumption of dry platelets.